How Did Trueman Ecourage the American People to Spend There Money Again
The Red Scare
Truman's last years in part were marred by charges that his administration was lax about, or even condoned, subversion and disloyalty and that communists, called "reds," had infiltrated the government. These accusations were made despite Truman's strongly anticommunist foreign policy and his cosmos, in 1947, of an elaborate Federal Employee Loyalty Program, which resulted in hundreds of federal workers being fired and in several thousand more existence forced to resign.
The excessive fear of communist subversion was fed by numerous sources. China'south fall to communism and the annunciation of a Soviet atomic explosion in 1949 alarmed many, and fighting between communist and U.S.-supported factions in Korea heightened political emotions likewise. Real cases of disloyalty and espionage also contributed, notably the theft of atomic secrets, for which Soviet agent Julius Rosenberg and his wife Ethel were bedevilled in 1951 and executed two years later. Republicans had much to gain from exploiting these and related issues.
Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin stood out among those who held that the Roosevelt and Truman administrations amounted to "20 years of treason." In February 1950 McCarthy claimed that he had a list (whose number varied) of Land Department employees who were loyal but to the Soviet Union. McCarthy offered no bear witness to back up his charges and revealed merely a unmarried name, that of Owen Lattimore, who was not in the State Department and would never be convicted of a single offense. Still, McCarthy enjoyed a highly successful career, and won a big personal following, by making charges of disloyalty that, though mostly undocumented, badly hurt the Democrats. Many others promoted the scare in various ways, leading to few convictions but much loss of employment by government employees, teachers, scholars, and people in the mass media.
The Korean State of war
On June 25, 1950, a powerful invading force from the Soviet-supported Democratic People's Republic of korea (Democratic people's republic of korea) swept south of the 38th parallel into the Republic of korea (S Korea). Within days, President Truman resolved to defend South korea, even though there were few Americans in Korea and few troops ready for combat. The UN Security Council, acting during a Soviet boycott, quickly passed a resolution calling upon UN members to resist North Korean aggression.
Subsequently almost being driven into the sea, UN forces, made up largely of U.S. troops and commanded past U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, counterattacked successfully and in September pushed the North Korean forces back beyond the border. Not content with this victory, the United States attempted to unify Korea by force, advancing most to the borders of China and the Soviet Marriage. China, after its warnings were ignored, then entered the war, driving the UN forces back into South korea. The battle line was soon stabilized along the 38th parallel, and ceasefire talks began on July ten, 1951, three months after Truman had relieved MacArthur for openly challenging U.S. policies. The talks dragged on fruitlessly, interrupted past outbreaks of fighting, until Eisenhower became president. The U.s.a. sustained some 142,000 casualties in this limited war, most of them occurring after People's republic of china'due south entry.
U.Due south. troops preparing for the assault on Inch'ŏn during the Korean State of war, September 1950.
Bert Harey—© Hulton Deutsch/PNIIn addition to militarizing the Common cold War, the Korean disharmonize widened its field. The Us assumed responsibility for protecting Taiwan against invasion from mainland China. Additional military aid was extended to the French in Indochina. In December 1950 Truman chosen for a crash program of rearmament, not but to back up the forces in Korea but particularly to expand the U.S. presence in Europe. As a effect, defense expenditures rose to $53.half-dozen billion in 1953, 4 times the pre-Korean level, and would decline but modestly after the ceasefire.
Peace, growth, and prosperity
The stalemated Korean War, a renewal of inflation, and the continuing Ruby Scare persuaded Truman non to represent reelection in 1952 and also gravely handicapped Gov. Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois, the Democratic nominee. His opponent, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, was an immensely popular state of war hero with great personal charm and no political tape, making him extremely hard to assault. Although he disliked their methods, Eisenhower immune Republican campaigners, including his running mate, Sen. Richard G. Nixon of California, to capitalize on the Red Scare past accusing the Truman administration of disloyalty. Eisenhower himself charged the administration with responsibility for the communist invasion of Korea and won wide acclaim when he dramatically promised that if elected he would visit Korea in person to end the war.
Eisenhower won over many farmers, indigenous whites, workers, and Roman Catholics who had previously voted Democratic. He defeated Stevenson by a big margin, carrying 39 states, including three in the one time solidly Democratic S. Despite Eisenhower'southward overwhelming victory, Republicans gained command of the House by simply viii votes and managed simply a tie in the Senate. Because the Republican margin was and then slight, and because many correct-wing Republicans in Congress disagreed with his policies, Eisenhower would increasingly depend upon Democrats to realize his objectives.
Eisenhower had promised to stop the Korean State of war, concord the line on government spending, balance the budget, abolish inflation, and reform the Republican Party. On July 27, 1953, an armistice was signed in Korea freezing the condition quo. By cutting defence spending while taxes remained fairly loftier, and by keeping a tight rein on credit, Eisenhower was able to avoid serious deficits, abolish aggrandizement, and, despite several small recessions, encourage steady economic growth that made Americans more than prosperous than they had always been before. Eisenhower as well supported public works and a pocket-size expansion of government social programs. In 1954 the St. Lawrence Seaway Evolution Corporation was established by Congress. In 1956 Congress authorized the National Organization of Interstate and Defense force Highways, Eisenhower'south pet projection and the largest public works program in history. Amendments to the Social Security Act in 1954 and 1956 extended benefits to millions not previously covered. Thus, Eisenhower achieved all but the last of his goals, and even in that he was at least partially successful. At first Eisenhower did little to check the Red Scare, but in 1954 Senator McCarthy unwisely began to investigate the administration and the U.S. Regular army. This led to a full-scale investigation of McCarthy'due south own activities, and on December 2 the Senate, with Eisenhower playing a backside-the-scenes function, formally censured McCarthy for abusing his colleagues. McCarthy shortly lost all influence, and his autumn did much to remove the poison that had infected American politics. In short, Eisenhower was and so successful in restoring tranquility that, by the end of his first term, some people were lament that life had go too slow.
Tensions eased in foreign diplomacy also. On March v, 1953, Joseph Stalin died, opening the door to better relations with the Soviet Union. In 1955 the Soviets agreed to stop the four-ability occupation of Republic of austria, and in that July Eisenhower met in Geneva with the new Soviet leader, Nikita Due south. Khrushchev, for talks that were friendly though inconclusive.
Equally for military machine policy, Eisenhower instituted the "New Look," which entailed reducing the regular army from 1,500,000 men in 1953 to 900,000 in 1960. The navy experienced smaller reductions, while air strength expenditures rose. Eisenhower was primarily interested in deterring a nuclear attack and to that end promoted expensive developments in nuclear weaponry and long-range missiles.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/The-Red-Scare
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